Open Research Online

Reiter, Ehud and Williams, Sandra (2010). Generating texts in different styles. In: Argamon, Shlomo; Burns, Kevin and Dubnov, Shlomo eds. The Structure of Style: Algorithmic Approaches to Manner and Meaning. Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 59–78.

Download Accepted Manuscript (PDF / 223kB)

Williams, Sandra and Power, Richard (2013). Hedging and rounding in numerical expressions. Pragmatics & Cognition, 21(1) pp. 193–223.

Power, Richard and Williams, Sandra (2012). Generating numerical approximations. Computational Linguistics, 38(1) pp. 113–134.

Download Published Version (PDF / 228kB)

Stevens, Robert; Malone, James; Williams, Sandra; Power, Richard and Third, Allan (2011). Automating generation of textual class definitions from OWL to English. Journal of Biomedical Semantics, 2(S 2:S5)

Download Published Version (PDF / 1MB)

Williams, Sandra and Reiter, Ehud (2008). Generating basic skills reports for low-skilled readers. Natural Language Engineering, 14(4) pp. 495–525.

Williams, Sandra; Power, Richard and Third, Allan (2014). How easy is it to learn a controlled natural language for building a knowledge base? In: Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Controlled Natural Language, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer International Publishing AG, pp. 20–32.

Download Accepted Manuscript (PDF / 230kB)

Bautista, Susana; Hervás, Raquel; Gervás, Pablo; Power, Richard and Williams, Sandra (2013). A system for the simplification of numerical expressions at different levels of understandability. In: Natural Language Processing for Improving Textual Accessibility (NLP4ITA 2013), 14 Jun 2013, Atlanta, GA, USA, pp. 10–19.

Download Published Version (PDF / 137kB)

Nguyen, Tu Anh T.; Power, Richard; Piwek, Paul and Williams, Sandra (2013). Predicting the understandability of OWL inferences. In: Extended Semantic Web Conference 2013 (ESWC 2013) - Research Track, 26 May to 30 May 2013, Montpellier, France, pp. 109–123.

Download Accepted Manuscript (PDF / 384kB)

Nguyen, Tu; Power, Richard; Piwek, Paul and Williams, Sandra (2012). Measuring the understandability of deduction rules for OWL. In: First International Workshop on Debugging Ontologies and Ontology Mappings, 8 Oct 2012, Galway, Ireland.

Download Accepted Manuscript (PDF / 320kB)

Nguyen, Tu Anh T.; Power, Richard; Piwek, Paul and Williams, Sandra (2012). Planning accessible explanations for entailments in OWL ontologies. In: 7th International Natural Language Generation Conference (INLG 2012), 30 May - 1 Jun 2012, Utica, IL, USA, Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 110–114.

Download Published Version (PDF / 280kB)

Williams, Sandra (2011). Generating mathematical word problems. In: 2011 Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) Fall Symposium on Question Generation, 4-6 Nov 2011, Arlington, Virginia, USA, pp. 61–64.

Request a copy from the author This file is not available for public download

Third, Allan; Williams, Sandra and Power, Richard (2011). OWL to English: a tool for generating organised easily-navigated hypertexts from ontologies. In: 10th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC 2011), 23-27 Oct 2011, Bonn, Germany.

Download Published Version (PDF / 213kB)

Williams, Sandra; Third, Allan and Power, Richard (2011). Levels of organisation in ontology verbalisation. In: 13th European Workshop on Natural Language Generation, 28-30 Sep 2011, Nancy, France.

Request a copy from the author This file is not available for public download

Bautista, Susana; Hervás, Raquel; Gervás, Pablo; Power, Richard and Williams, Sandra (2011). How to make numerical information accessible: experimental identification of simplification strategies. In: 13th IFIP TC 13 International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (INTERACT 2011), 5-9 Sep 2011, Lisbon, Portugal.

Request a copy from the author This file is not available for public download

Bautista, Susana; Hervás, Raquel; Gervás, Pablo; Power, Richard and Williams, Sandra (2011). Experimental identification of the use of hedges in the simplification of numerical expressions. In: Second Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies (SLPAT), 30 Jul 2011, Edinburgh, Scotland.

Request a copy from the author This file is not available for public download

Williams, Sandra and Power, Richard (2010). Grouping axioms for more coherent ontology descriptions. In: 6th International Natural Language Generation Conference (INLG 2010), 07-09 Jul 2010, Dublin, Ireland, pp. 197–202.

Download Published Version (PDF / 121kB)

Stevens, Robert; Malone, James; Williams, Sandra and Power, Richard (2010). Automating class definitions from OWL to English. In: Proceedings of Bio-Ontologies 2010: Semantic Applications in Life Sciences SIG at the 18th Annual International Conference on Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology (ISMB 2010), 9-13 Jul 2010, Boston, USA.

Download Published Version (PDF / 193kB)

Williams, Sandra and Power, Richard (2010). A fact-aligned corpus of numerical expressions. In: Proceedings of the Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2010), 19-21 May 2010, Malta.

Download Published Version (PDF / 357kB)

Williams, Sandra and Power, Richard (2009). Precision and mathematical form in first and subsequent mentions of numerical facts and their relation to document structure. In: Proceedings of 12th European Workshop on Natural Language Generation, 30-31 Mar 2009, Athens, Greece, pp. 118–121.

Download Accepted Manuscript (PDF / 71kB)

Williams, Sandra and Reiter, Ehud (2008). SkillSum: basic skills screening with personalised, computer-generated feedback. In: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Interactive Computer Aided Learning, 24-26 Sep 2008, Villach, Austria, pp. 1–8.

Download Published Version (PDF / 376kB)

Williams, Sandra and Power, Richard (2008). Deriving rhetorical complexity data from the RST-DT Corpus. In: Proceedings of the Sixth International Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'08), 28-30 May 2008, Marrakech, Morocco.

Download Accepted Manuscript (PDF / 533kB)

Reiter, Ehud and Williams, Sandra (2008). Three Approaches to Generating Texts in Different Styles. In: Proceedings of the AISB 2008 Symposium on Style in Text: Creative Generation and Identification of Authorship, 1-4 Apr 2008, University of Aberdeen, UK, The Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behaviour, pp. 26–33.

Download Accepted Manuscript (PDF / 195kB)

Williams, Sandra; Power, Richard and Piwek, Paul (2008). Simulating emotional reactions in medical dramas. In: Proceedings of the AISB 2008 Symposium on Affective Language in Human and Machine, 1-2 Apr 2008, Aberdeen, UK, pp. 25–32.

Download Accepted Manuscript (PDF / 220kB)

Williams, Sandra; Piwek, Paul and Power, Richard (2007). Generating monologue and dialogue to present personalised medical information to patients. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh European Workshop on Natural Language Generation, ENLG '07, Association for Computational Linguistics, USA, pp. 167–170.

Download Accepted Manuscript (PDF / 411kB)

Reiter, Ehud and Williams, Sandra (2005). Generating Feedback Reports for Adults Taking Basic Skills Tests. In: Proceeding of the The Twenty-fifth SGAI International Conference on Innovative Techniques and Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 12-14 Dec 2005, Cambridge, UK.

Download Unspecified Version (PDF / 115kB)

Williams, Sandra and Reiter, Ehud (2005). Deriving content selection rules from a corpus of non-naturally occurring documents for a novel NLG application. In: Proceedings of the Corpus Linguistics 2005 Workshop on Using Corpora for Natural Language Generation, 14 Jul 2005, Birmingham, UK, Information Technology Research Institute (ITRI), pp. 41–48.

Download Accepted Manuscript (PDF / 162kB)

Williams, Sandra and Reiter, Ehud (2005). Generating readable texts for readers with low basic skills. In: Proceeding of the 10th European Workshop on Natural Language Generation, 8-10 Aug 2005, Aberdeen, UK.

Download Accepted Manuscript (PDF / 121kB)

Williams, Sandra and Reiter, Ehud (2005). Appropriate Microplanning Choices for Low-Skilled Readers. In: Proceedings of the Nineteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-05 ), 30 Jul - 5 Aug 2005, Edinburgh, UK.

Download Unspecified Version (PDF / 95kB)

Williams, Sandra and Reiter, Ehud (2004). Reading errors made by skilled and unskilled readers: evaluating a system that generates reports for people with poor literacy. In: Fourteenth Annual Meeting of the Society for Text and Discourse, 1-4 Aug 2004, Chicago, Illinois, p. 21.

Download Published Version (PDF / 44kB)

Williams, Sandra; Reiter, Ehud and Osman, Liesl (2003). Experiments with discourse-level choices and readability. In: Proceedings of the 9th European Workshop on Natural Language Generation (ENLG-2003), 13-14 Apr 2003, Budapest, Hungary, pp. 127–134.

Download Accepted Manuscript (PDF / 142kB)

Reiter, Ehud; Sripada, Somayajulu and Williams, Sandra (2003). Acquiring and Using Limited User Models in NLG. In: Proceedings of the 9th European Workshop on Natural Language Generation (ENLG-2003), 13-14 Apr 2003, Budapest, Hungary, pp. 87–94.

Download Accepted Manuscript (PDF / 108kB)

Williams, Sandra (2003). Language choice models for microplanning and readability. In: Proceedings of the Student Workshop of the Human Language Technology and North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 27 May - 1 Jun 2003, Edmonton, Canada, pp. 13–18.

Download Accepted Manuscript (PDF / 66kB)

Williams, Sandra and Reiter, Ehud (2003). A corpus analysis of discourse relations for Natural Language Generation. In: Proceedings of the Corpus Linguistics 2003 conference, 28-31 Mar 2003, Lancaster University, UK, pp. 899–908.