Investigating non-classical correlations between decision fused multi-modal documents

Gkoumas, Dimitrios; Uprety, Sagar and Song, Dawei (2019). Investigating non-classical correlations between decision fused multi-modal documents. In: QI 2018: Quantum Interaction. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol 11690 (Coecke, B and Lambert-Mogiliansky, A eds.), Springer, Cham pp. 163–176.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35895-2_11

Abstract

Correlation has been widely used to facilitate various information retrieval methods such as query expansion, relevance feedback, document clustering, and multi-modal fusion. Especially, correlation and independence are important issues when fusing different modalities that influence a multi-modal information retrieval process. The basic idea of correlation is that an observable can help predict or enhance another observable. In quantum mechanics, quantum correlation, called entanglement, is a sort of correlation between the observables measured in atomic-size particles when these particles are not necessarily collected in ensembles. In this paper, we examine a multimodal fusion scenario that might be similar to that encountered in physics by firstly measuring two observables (i.e., text-based relevance and image-based relevance) of a multi-modal document without counting on an ensemble of multi-modal documents already labeled in terms of these two variables. Then, we investigate the existence of non-classical correlations between pairs of multi-modal documents. Despite there are some basic differences between entanglement and classical correlation encountered in the macroscopic world, we investigate the existence of this kind of non-classical correlation through the Bell inequality violation. Here, we experimentally test several novel association methods in a small-scale experiment. However, in the current experiment we did not find any violation of the Bell inequality. Finally, we present a series of interesting discussions, which may provide theoretical and empirical insights and inspirations for future development of this direction.

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