Discovery and analysis of 21 μm feature sources in the Magellanic Clouds

Volk, Kevin; Hrivnak, Bruce J.; Matsuura, Mikako; Bernard-Salas, Jeronimo; Szczerba, Ryszard; Sloan, G. C.; Kraemer, Kathleen E.; van Loon, Jacco Th.; Kemper, F.; Woods, Paul M.; Zijlstra, Albert A.; Sahai, Raghvendra; Meixner, Margaret; Gordon, Karl D.; Gruendl, Robert A.; Tielens, Alexander G. G. M.; Indebetouw, Remy and Marengo, Massimo (2011). Discovery and analysis of 21 μm feature sources in the Magellanic Clouds. The Astrophysical Journal, 735(2), article no. 127.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/735/2/127

Abstract

Spitzer Space Telescope mid-infrared spectroscopy has been obtained for 15 carbon-rich protoplanetary nebulae (PPNe) in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) and for two other such stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). Of these 17 PPNe, the unidentified 21μm feature is strong in 7 spectra, weak in 2 spectra, and very weak or questionable in 4 spectra. Two of the four spectra without the 21 μm feature have a very strong feature near 11 μm, similar to a feature observed in some carbon-rich planetary nebulae (PNe) in the LMC. We attribute this feature to unusual SiC dust, although the feature-to-continuum ratio is much larger than for SiC features in Galactic or Magellanic Cloud carbon star spectra. The remaining two objects show typical carbon-rich PPNe spectra with no 21μm features. One of the LMC objects that lacks the 21 μm feature and one SMC object with a questionable 21 μm detection may have mixed dust chemistries based upon their spectral similarity to Galactic [WC] PNe. The 13 objects that either definitely or may show the 21 μm feature have distinct dust shell properties compared to the Galactic 21 μm objects—the 21 μm features are weaker, the estimated dust temperatures are significantly higher, the unidentified infrared (UIR) bands are stronger, and the UIRs show more structure. Four of the 21 μm objects appear to show normal SiC emission features in their spectra. Many of the PPNe show strong 30 μm features, although this feature carries less of the total mid-infrared emission than is normally the case for the Galactic 21 μm PPNe. The LMC objects are in the LMC halo rather than in the LMC bar. The estimated luminosities of these PPNe vary from 4700 to 12,500 L.

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