Euclid II. The VIS instrument

Euclid Collaboration (2024). Euclid II. The VIS instrument. Astronomy & Astrophysics (Early Access).

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202450996

Abstract

This paper presents the specification, design, and development of the Visible Camera (VIS) on the European Space Agency's Euclid mission. VIS is a large optical-band imager with a field of view of 0.54 deg² sampled at 0".1 with an array of 609 Megapixels and a spatial resolution of 0".18. It will be used to survey approximately 14 000 deg² of extragalactic sky to measure the distortion of galaxies in the redshift range z=0.1--1.5 resulting from weak gravitational lensing, one of the two principal cosmology probes leveraged by Euclid. With photometric redshifts, the distribution of dark matter can be mapped in three dimensions, and the extent to which this has changed with look-back time can be used to constrain the nature of dark energy and theories of gravity. The entire VIS focal plane will be transmitted to provide the largest images of the Universe from space to date, specified to reach m_AB ≥ 24.5 with a signal-to-noise ratio S/N ≥ 10 in a single broad I_E ≃ (r+i+z) band over a six-year survey. The particularly challenging aspects of the instrument are the control and calibration of observational biases, which lead to stringent performance requirements and calibration regimes. With its combination of spatial resolution, calibration knowledge, depth, and area covering most of the extra-Galactic sky, VIS will also provide a legacy data set for many other fields. This paper discusses the rationale behind the conception of VIS and describes the instrument design and development, before reporting the prelaunch performance derived from ground calibrations and brief results from the in-orbit commissioning. VIS should reach fainter than m_AB =25 with a S/N ≥ 10 for galaxies with a full width at half maximum of 0".3 in a 1".3 diameter aperture over the Wide Survey, and m_AB ≥ 26.4 for a Deep Survey that will cover more than 50 deg². The paper also describes how the instrument works with the Euclid telescope and survey, and with the science data processing, to extract the cosmological information.

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