There are key differences in the extent to which the peripheral (PNS) and central (CNS) nervous systems recover function following damage. In each case there is a balance between factors that inhibit and promote neuronal regeneration. In the CNS this balance is skewed toward inhibition while in the PNS it is skewed towards promotion of neuronal growth. Following damage the CNS environment is generally hostile to neuronal growth. However, axonal regeneration does occur under certain conditions. In this review, various strategies for promotion of neuronal growth are explored including the use of tissue engineered grafts incorporating extracellular matrix proteins, synthetic materials, electrically active materials, coupled with biomolecular and cellular – based strategies. Development of biosynthetic conduits carrying extracellular matrix molecules and cells (Schwann cells, olfactory ensheathing glia or stem cells) expressing neurotrophic growth factors represents a novel and promising strategy for spinal cord and peripheral nerve repair. Native matrix scaffolds (e.g. collagen, fibrin, fibronectin) have been produced with appropriate biomimetic 3D mesoscale structures for improving nervous system repair. The structure, composition, biomechanical properties and effectiveness of such implants in supporting experimental PNS and CNS repair are reviewed and discussed in this chapter. en Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Group Topics in Tissue Engineering Fibronectin, Collagen, Fibrin - Components of Extracellular Matrix for Nerve Regeneration Alovskaya, A Alekseeva, T Phillips, JB King, V Brown, R Ashammakhi, N. Reis, R. L. Chiellini, E. 2007 Book chapter NA